Mary Surratt Executed in Assassination of Lincoln

Mary Surratt, a boardinghouse operator, and tavern keeper, was the first woman to be executed by the United States federal government, convicted as a co-conspirator with Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth, though she asserted her innocence. Biography Mary Surratts early life was hardly notable. Surratt was born on her familys tobacco farm near Waterloo, Maryland, in 1820 or 1823 (sources differ). Raised as an Episcopalian, she was educated for four years at a Roman Catholic boarding school in Virginia. Mary Surratt converted to Roman Catholicism while at the school. Marriage to John Surratt In 1840 she married John Surratt. He built a mill near Oxon Hill in Maryland, then bought land from his adopted father. The family lived for a time with Marys mother-in-law in the District of Columbia. In 1852, John built a home and tavern on a large plot of land hed purchased in Maryland. The tavern was eventually also used as a polling place and post office as well. Mary first refused to live there, staying at her in-laws old farm, but John sold it and the land hed bought from his father, and Mary and the children were forced to live at the tavern. In 1853, John bought a house in the District of Columbia, renting it out. The next year, he added a hotel to the tavern, and the area around the tavern was named Surrattsville. John bought other new businesses and more land and sent their three children to Roman Catholic boarding schools. The family owned a number of slaves, though some were sold to settle debts. Johns drinking worsened, and he accumulated debt. Civil War When the Civil War began in 1861, Maryland stayed in the Union, but the Surratts became known as sympathizers with the Confederacy. Their tavern was a favorite of Confederate spies. Did Mary Surratt know this? The answer is not known for certain. Both of the Surratt sons became part of the Confederacy, Isaac enlisting in the cavalry of the Confederate States Army, and John Jr. working as a courier. In 1862, John Surratt died suddenly of a stroke. John Jr. became postmaster and tried to get a job in the Department of War. In 1863, he was dismissed as postmaster for disloyalty. Newly a widow and saddled with debts her husband left her, Mary Surratt and her son John struggled to run the farm and tavern, while also facing investigation by federal agents for their possible Confederate activities. Mary Surratt rented the tavern to John M. Lloyd and moved in 1864 to the house in Washington, DC, where she ran a boardinghouse. Some authors have suggested that the move was meant to advance the familys Confederate activities. In January 1865, John Jr. transferred his ownership of the familys properties to his mother; some have read this as evidence he knew he was engaged in treasonous activity, as the law would permit the property of a traitor to be seized. Conspiracy In late 1864, John Surratt, Jr., and John Wilkes Booth were introduced by Dr. Samuel Mudd. Booth was seen at the boardinghouse frequently from that time. John Jr. was almost certainly recruited into the plot to kidnap President Lincoln. The conspirators hid ammunition and weapons at the Surratt Tavern in March 1865, and Mary Surratt traveled to the tavern on April 11 by carriage and again on April 14. April 1865 John Wilkes Booth, escaping after shooting the President at Fords Theater on April 14, stopped at Surratts tavern, run by John Lloyd. Three days later, District of Columbia police searched Surratts home and found a photograph of Booth, possibly on a tip associating Booth with John Jr. With that evidence and testimony of a servant overhearing mention of Booth and a theater, Mary Surratt was arrested along with all others in the house. While she was being arrested, Lewis Powell came to the house. He was later linked to the attempt to assassinate William Seward, Secretary of State. John Jr. was in New York, working as a Confederate courier when he heard of the assassination. He escaped to Canada to avoid arrest. Trial and Conviction Mary Surratt was held at the Old Capitol Prisons annex and then at the Washington Arsenal. She was brought before a military commission on May 9, 1865, charged with conspiracy to assassinate the president. Her lawyer was the United States Senator Reverdy Johnson. John Lloyd was also among those charged with conspiracy. Lloyd testified to Mary Surratts prior involvement, saying she had told him to have shooting-irons ready that night on her April 14 trip to the tavern. Lloyd and Louis Weichmann were the main witnesses against Surratt, and the defense challenged their testimony as they were also charged as conspirators. Other testimony showed Mary Surratt loyal to the Union, and the defense challenged the authority of a military tribunal to convict Surratt. Mary Surratt was quite ill during her incarceration and trial and missed the last four days of her trial for illness. At the time, the federal government and most states prevented felony defendants from testifying at their own trials, so Mary Surratt did not have an opportunity to take the stand and defend herself. Conviction and Execution Mary Surratt was found guilty on June 29 and 30 by the military court of most of the counts on which shed been indicted, sentenced to be executed, the first time that the United States federal government had subjected a woman to capital punishment. Many pleas were made for clemency, including by Mary Surratts daughter, Anna, and five of the nine judges of the military tribunal. President Andrew Johnson later claimed he had never seen the clemency request. Mary Surratt was executed by hanging, with three others convicted of being part of the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln, in Washington, DC, on July 7, 1865, less than three months after the assassination. That night, the Surratt boardinghouse was attacked by a souvenir-seeking crowd; finally stopped by police. (The boardinghouse and tavern are today run as historical sites by the Surratt Society.) Mary Surratt was not turned over to the Surratt family until February of 1869, when Mary Surratt was reburied in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, DC. Mary Surratts son, John H. Surratt, Jr., was later tried as a conspirator in the assassination when he returned to the United States. The first trial ended with a hung jury and then the charges were dismissed because of the statute of limitations. John Jr. admitted publicly in 1870 to have been part of the kidnap plot which led to the assassination by Booth. More About Mary Surratt Also known as: Mary Elizabeth Jenkins SurrattReligion: raised Episcopalian, converted to Roman Catholicism at school Family Background: Mother: Elizabeth Anne Webster JenkinsFather: Archibald Jenkins, tobacco farmer, Maryland Marriage, Children: husband: John Harrison Surratt (married 1840, died 1862; tavernkeeper)children: three, including two sons involved in the ConfederacyIsaac (b. 1841)Elizabeth Susanna known as Anna (1843)John Jr. (1844)

Some people born with quality of acting as an entrepreneur - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2775 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Career Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Few days ago, we came across one article from INSEAD (2008) named as The Internet Entrepreneur: Made, not Born. In the past there has been discussion over subject Are Entrepreneurs are born or made In fact no one has been really able to answer the question in a perfect way. But as we can realised , in todays world there are many universities taking up classes in Entrepreneurship. Now it has been a question, whether entrepreneurship is an natural ability or there are some people born with quality of acting as an entrepreneur. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Some people born with quality of acting as an entrepreneur" essay for you Create order There have been diversified views about this question amongst all thinkers. There are some people with the thinking that now days this question is out of date. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. First thing we will have a look at what is Entrepreneurship, is it just innovation or something more than that. Entrepreneurship is not only about modernisation, but it starts with bringing up new ideas. Entrepreneurs had to take efforts to make their innovation transformed into economic good and in the same time taking care of finances and business understanding required to carry on the process. It can be either a totally new company or organisation. It also can be a new product development in an existing company. Actually it has to be about starting a new venture with an innovative product which has good economic value. An entrepreneur is the one who has innovation, ability to take financial and organisational risk and being responsible for the same and to face the market competition of its products. According to Schumpeter, Entrepreneurship innovation is not just about a new product but the innovation can also be found in new production methods, new markets, or new form of organisations. Schumpeter further suggested that entrepreneurship can be taken as a function of putting together different inputs in an innovative way that creates greater value for product and has an economical sustainability. This discussion suggests us that there are different point of views regarding our topic. And even it can be seen that there are gaps between new thinkers and old thinkers regarding perception about Entrepreneurship. Earlier the definition was about innovativeness of the product now even developing a new process is also an entrepreneurial skill. That gives us the idea of changed perceptive of entrepreneurship over the years. As we discussed, there is a changed perceptive about Entrepreneurship over the years. Nowadays it can be seen that there are many universities which have undertaken the teaching of Entrepreneurship classes. Actually speaking Entrepreneurship is one of the fastest growing subjects at UK colleges and universities. In todays circumstance, there are more than 1000 courses at various colleges and universities for entrepreneurship and the number of these courses is increasing every year. Over the years besides the general entrepreneurship, these universities and college are offering courses such as Social Entrepreneurship, Family Business Entrepreneurship, Technical Entrepreneurship, Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Performing Arts Entrepreneurship. There has been a lot of increase in number of school and colleges offering such courses. Objective Research Aim: This project is aimed at finding out the facts about can universities in Europe are able to train young students to become Entrepreneurship through various courses offered by them and find out the how do they do this. Key Research Objectives: To find out the outcome of courses available for entrepreneurship offered from different universities and also do student got inspired from such education. To find out if any entrepreneurs success stories are associated with such courses. To establish the relationship between entrepreneurship courses and their effect on students in Europe. The role played by Universities and Business school in bringing up entrepreneurial skills. Significance of the Research To improve general understanding of role played by Europe Universities and enhance entrepreneurial skills. Enrichment on available literature about entrepreneurial education. Literature Review Entrepreneur, manager and owner are many a time taken for one other, but they have a very different understanding in business context. But out of all these, Entrepreneur stands apart, because he is a 100% leader. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) employment outlook report (2009) shown that there will be a high unemployment rate in the future. Youth unemployment rate tends to be half of adult rate. This suggests that there is a vital need of new businesses and Entrepreneurs are really what indu stry and economy wants in this particular situation. Knowing that, new business proposals will help innovativeness and it will definitely increase employment opportunities. These innovations will guide to new economic formations and trends in industry. Here arises the question, with all these possible benefits from Entrepreneurs, is the todays young generation so much interested in being self-employed and that also with innovativeness in their approach? There is a discussion on the topic about how much does university contribute to motivate young entrepreneurs. Most of the Universities are affirming that their entrepreneurship courses have been successful and they are providing the economy with new entrepreneurs. However, there is another wave of thinkers who are certain that going to business school doesnt create Entrepreneurs. In fact, entrepreneurial spirit cannot be taught at any graduation schools. It is said that either you have that potential in you or you just not of that type. There are people who suggest that entrepreneurship cannot be taught but the skills of entrepreneurship can be enhanced. This enhancement is possible through the framework needed for the business plan, how to start the business, possible opportunities and hurdles that may have to face, and motivation for being more creative and opportunistic. Definitions Peter Drucker says, Entrepreneurial management is not natural, creative, or spontaneous but instead is based on a systematic, thoughtful approach of supportive policies practices. Richard Goosen, a lawyer, businessman, professor and academic writer, CEO of MA Capital Corp says, Many times people wonder how can I teach entrepreneurship. In my opinion too its hard to teah in a classroom but you can always from what other people have done and where they have made mistake. According to Jeffry Timmons, Entrepreneurial management is not natural, creative, or spontaneous but instead s based on a systematic, thoughtful approach of supportive policies and practices. Karl Vesper emphasized, An individual embarking on an entrepreneurial venture must realise that the experience involves the emotional implications of differing levels of failure, survival, and success throughout the growth process. It is expressed by many students that their business education in Entrepreneur Skil ls have developed and helped them to build a step of success in their innovation. Entrepreneurial education helps mainly with finding the economic value of their creativity or innovative products. Still there are so many people, who have a strong and different opinion on this topic. These people express their feelings in a very hard ways. And they blame the amount of money involved in the whole process. There are an extreme views about this, one view thinks that entrepreneurship is an innate drive where as there are others who believe educational reforms can change the thinking patterns of youngster to shape them to become an Entrepreneur. Even the EU policy is giving thumbs up to introduce teaching entrepreneurial skills at Universities and colleges or business schools. It is remarkable to note that, in EYCI (European Year of Creativity and Innovation) 2009 the major part of the discussion was can entrepreneurship be taught and it was debated how that innovativeness can be studi ed. Along with this, though universities and business schools are introducing entrepreneurship as a part time or full time course, it becomes necessary to check teachers involvement in the subject which to be taught. Teachers who have chosen a simple path of employment over any risk in life, how can they motivate students. But this problem can be taken care by having special sessions by role models who can advise them on actual life experiences and burn up feelings and finding out the economic value. Over this, even teachers can induce students with experimentation with education of entrepreneurship. Despite of all these favourable responses to universities initiative to start up with entrepreneurship courses, there are people who think other than innate abilities it is just money related issue that has motivated universities and business schools to come up with Entrepreneurship courses. In 1970, less than 20 courses were offered in entrepreneurship. Whereas the scenario was chan ged in 1997 when it was found that more than 400 schools were offering same courses and more than 50 schools had come up with four or more major courses in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship course was first introduced by Harvard University in 1947. In the decade of the 80s, these programs popped up with many opportunities from undergraduate to postgraduate students. Today, it can be seen that there are many opportunities in entrepreneurial education at various levels and with range of options. The discussion has been for many years now, it was thought necessary to find out what the facts associated with this in the 21st century. There have been some research on this topic earlier but the relevance of the same in current context is questionable. Researches were undertaken in the 90s and after all these years, no one can rely on those reports as they are part of history now. Since, there have been a lot of changes happened over the business context, economy, employment opportuniti es and so on. There are many factors which affects this particular topic. According to our understanding, one needs to find out what this means for todays generation to become an entrepreneur and what all opportunities they get to become an entrepreneur. It can be studied that what are the facilities universities are offering to students. Now these facilities include what all courses they provide part time or full time, minor or major, and so on. It will also be interesting to know how much addition value these universities are doing to students on this subject. Also how do they enhance their entrepreneurial skill and how do they teach this subject and at which level. Even it will be interesting to know what all activities and programs or competitions they have to let students understand this topic thorough. Research Design The aim of this project report is to find out role european universities play in shaping young entrepreneurs. So the focus of this research is going to be on UK Universities along with the students from at those universities. The key to any proper research is to identify appropriate research and data collection techniques which will help to collect all relevant information. In this research, one needs to undertake combination of in-depth research along with other literature available from time to time in the prescribed area of research. The research will involve the evaluation on the role of European Universities in developing entrepreneurial skills. The focus of the study will remain about the perception of what people understands in entrepreneurial education throughout European Universities, a closer coordination will be required with all the universities for data collection. This Data collection will include the details about the courses offered, level at which they are offered, what are students thoughts about these courses. Then we can also find out what was the role played by European Universities over the years and hoe entrepreneurship education has come lime light over the years and its emergence and what was the reason behind such a emergence in education sector. This can be analysed through available secondary data and other literature. Even the students who are currently undergoing such education can be examined through questionnaire as well students who are passed out of such educational courses and have succeeded in their endeavours. The detailed process of data collection will be as follows: A thorough literature review is to be undertaken about on available data which will help us to determine the general idea of subject over the years and this will help us to understand if there are any changes in mindset of the people over the years. Finding out the information about the courses offered by various universities and business schools at undergraduate and postgraduate educational levels. This will be important to find out this information, which will give us the information such as how many universities are offering such courses and for how long. what is the development over the years and what is the percentage increase over the years for these courses. Those universities can also help us with what other programs do they have to enhance the skills of their students and have interactions with real life role models in the industry. Universities will be proud to share their success stories if any with us, which will describe how the course helped students to become a ro le model. Then interviewing the students, faculties and industry experts will help us to know better context of entrepreneurial education. Students will be able to share with us their experiences about why they have chosen this education and how do they think this education will help them in their life. Faculties will be able to address issues they face while teaching these subject and how do they think the pattern of students go over the years when it comes to entrepreneurial education. Industry experts or the successful entrepreneurs will be able to advise if they were really guided by such educational courses if any they have attended in the past or whether they think how much an educational course can help to build this career and enhance the skills in this industry. The information collection can be done through telephone and internet. As we can send a document to the sample (chosen university and business school) asking them details in a prescribe format where they have to give information about the courses they are offering and their history. Industry experts can be contacted through any organisation formed by entrepreneurs where details of these people will be easily available. After all this data collection, a research report will be written down that will combine our understanding of the subject based the available data. This can be then compared with earlier literature available to study and what are the implications, does the past years have given to the industry in respect to entrepreneurial education. This will help me to find out the role played by European Universities in shaping young entrepreneurs. It will be helpful to discover what is the contribution of the universities and business school over the years in developing entrepreneurial skills in the youth and overall society. Planning: Recourses: Staff to accumulate data and coordinate with universities and interviewers, Laptops or computers to gather data and organise it in disciplined way, access to academic libraries and other required publications, telephone or mobile phone for communication facilities. Quality of data and Sample: Data requirement and interview questions to be used should be approved by head office. European universities are divided according to their countries, namely UK and Northern Ireland, France, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy and Norway. Now universities from all these countries are to be contacted that will consuming, instead the study will be restricted only for UK, France and Germany. This will help us to collect usable data in reasonable time and this will be easier to contact maximum sources. Risk Analysis: Risk Impact (I) Prob (P) I x P Contingency Data collection not completed on time 3 1 3 Ensure that at least 90% of sample respond Data lost 3 1 3 Ensure regular backups to secure source No Feedback from Students or Industry Experts 3 2 6 Prepare Convenient and modest Questionnaire Technology fails 2 1 2 Ensure backup solutions are available Time Table: September 2010: Literature Review October, November 2010: Data collection from Universities and Others as explained. December 2010: Compile, Pilot and review collected data January 2011: Data Analysis February 2011: Final writing of the Project Report. Limitations This study is meant to be for entire Europe but since geographical constraint may arise, we have limiting our research to a limited region: UK, France, Germany. We will be focusing on. We will not be able to reach all the students, so we will restrict our research up to 1000 students who are currently studying at such universities. Conclusion We would like to conclude our proposal by reiterating our objective of undertaking this research, which is to understand the role of European Universities in influencing the careers of young entrepreneurs and their contribution towards entrepreneurial educational courses. It is a serious note in the benefit of society to understand such a key point which may l ead to an enhanced industrial approach. This can be understood by undertaking this study in various ways as explained in this report.

Population Growth Pressures On World Resources - 2366 Words

Name: Maulik Sanghvi (500394039) Instructor: Valentina Capurri Course: GEO 702 Date: November 5, 2014 Population growth pressures on world resources Introduction Not everyone admits that the world is getting overpopulated each day. The truth is that; there are real issues that are contributing to the expansion of population, one being food supplies. The World Resources Institute asserts that, by 2050, the population will have gone up by 34%. It means that, there will be an addition of 2.3 billion people on earth. The datum that the population world-wide was 2.5 billion in 1950, the assertion posts a great danger a head since the earth is only one. Therefore, this paper will discuss the growth pressures that exist on world resources as well as its significance and steps that ought to be taken to control it. It is intuitive and obvious that, the more people are, the more resources are required in meeting the needs of the people. More energy is also required. Even though most of the countries are still growing, the relationship between the two aspects is not linear. For instance, between 1990 and 2005, the population in China rose to about 15% yet the energy usage, on the other end, almost doubled (Weddell 23). Today, China is the most populated country. Although, research shows that, India is coming up too with a high population. Assertions are that, by 2028, India will overtake China (Weddell 25). The fact that more people are demanding more resources everyday poses a realShow MoreRelatedPopulation Growth Pressures On World Resources2266 Words   |  10 PagesPopulation growth pressures on world resources: How significant it is and steps we need to take to control it The world’s population is expected to grow from 7 billion today to 10 billion people by 2050. It’s growing, and it’s growing exponentially. But the world we live in is not getting any bigger. We will have the same amount of space we have today in 2050. 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In the last 10,000 years people had a hugeRead MoreThe Problem Of Expanding Population Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesexpanding population is one both of wonder and catastrophe, as civilizations have risen and fallen throughout time. Collapse (Diamond) touches on this concept of population growth (or change) often, especially because a civilization is, after all, nothing without its popul ation. Using Collapse, we can quickly start to analyze what a growing population entails. Early on, Diamond touches upon the implications of an expanding population. When a civilization starts to have a high rate of growth, they must

Differences Between The United States Constitution And The...

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Steroids And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs - 1407 Words

Steroids in Sports Introduction The debate over athletes using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs has always been a hot-button issue in the sports world. From major league athletes in baseball and football; to track stars and bicyclist in the Olympics, the use of steroids in sports has been a wide-range problem. Those who disagree with the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs say that the athletes who use them are breaking the rules and getting an unfair advantage over others. Opponents of steroids say the athletes are endangering not only their own health, but also indirectly encouraging youngsters to do the same (Katz, 2008). On the opposite side, supporters of steroids say that the risk to athletes using†¦show more content†¦What are Steroids / Are they Addictive? To begin, I would like to explain what steroids are and why they are so appealing to athletes. Steroids are a type of drug that increases the body’s mass and ability to perform well in certain things. According to an ESPN article, Drugs and Sports, anabolic steroids -- or more precisely, anabolic-androgenic steroids -- are the synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring male anabolic hormone testosterone. Both anabolic and androgenic have origins from the Greek: anabolic, meaning to build, and androgenic, meaning masculinizing. The need and drive to be the very best at your sport, is a craving (like a drug). Some athletes think that using steroids helps them to perform better than the other person. The harms of using steroids are bad and could get you kicked out the sporting league you are in or worst According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, individuals who abuse steroids can experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking them—including mood swings, fatigue, rest-lessness, loss of appetite, insomnia, reduced sex drive, and steroid cravings, all of which may contribute to continued abuse. One of the most dangerous withdrawal symptoms is depression—when persistent, it can sometimes lead to suicide attempts. Research has found that some

Ambient Music Essay Example For Students

Ambient Music Essay In the liner notes of Neons 1978 Music for Airports / Ambient 1, he explains his use of the term ambient music to describe the music he was creating at the time. Over the past three years, I have become interested in the use of music as ambiance, and have come to believe that it is possible to produce material that can be used thus without being in any way compromised. To create a distinction between my own experiments in this area and the products of the various purveyors of canned music, I have begun using the term Ambient Music. An ambiance is defined as an atmosphere, or a surrounding influence My intention s to produce original pieces ostensibly (but not exclusively) for particular times and situations with a view to building up a small but versatile catalogue of environmental music suited to a wide variety of moods and atmospheres. Whereas the extant canned music companies proceed from the basis of regulating environments by blanketing their acoustic and atmospheric idiosyncrasies, Ambient Music is intended to enhance these. Whereas conventional background music is produced by striping away all sense of doubt and uncertainty (and thus all genuine interest) from the music, Ambient Music retains these qualities. And whereas their intention is to brighten the environment by adding stimulus to it (thus supposedly alleviating the tedium of routine tasks and leveling out the natural ups and downs of the body rhythms) Ambient Music is intended to induce calm and a space to think. Ambient Music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular; it must be as ignorable as it is interesting. (One, B. (1978) Ambient 1: Music for Airports. ) Aside from One, other musicians and bands that have had an important influence on he advent of Ambient music are people such as, Wendy Carols (formerly Walter Carols) who produced the original score for A Clockwork Orange, Mike Oldie (Tubular Bells), Evangelism (Chariots of Fire soundtrack). Along with the above-mentioned composer s, Progressive Rock bands Pink Floyd (with albums such as Managua, Meddle and Obscured by Clouds) and Yes with the album Tales From Topographic Oceans have had a major influence on Ambient Rock style bands. Electronic bands such as Jerkwater, Pool Vhf, and Tangerine Dream have made a great impact on electronic based ambient music. Similarly, the Yellow Magic Orchestra has been cited as pioneers of Ambient house music (Alembic. Com (n. D) Derivative Forms Ambient House Ambient House emerged in the late sasss out of a combination of Ambient Music and Acid House, Paul Gentlefolk ran an Acid House night at Heaven, and it was at this Acid House Nights that Alex Paterson ran a chill-out room, where he played Pink Floyd, Brian One and loc songs at low volume.

Mob Mentality free essay sample

Research Paper – Mob Mentality Mob mentality can occur in any society. It can take place at any time, any day or any night. Mob mentality does not have a direct target. It will take over anyone, leaving them with no control over themselves. Mob mentality proves that under critical situations people will be selfish and follow others’ leads; however, the leads people usually follow are not the ones best for them. Due to large amounts of stress everyone carries, people do not think as clearly as they normally would. Those horrible leads that people choose to follow will eventually cause groups to become out of control. Violence usually ensues when within a large group. In their respective works, both Arthur Miller and Ray Bradbury write pieces that reflect upon social criticism and how it can corrupt any society to their breaking point. The opportunity for people to relieve their stress is not something that’s very common. So when it does come around, they will take any chance for relaxation that is given to them. Humans put their own needs in front of all others. They do this even when someone else is worse off than they are. People go to extreme lengths to get rid of whatever it is that is causing them trouble. People add more pressure onto themselves if there’s a chance that it all can go away in the end. Abigail Williams, from Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, would have done anything necessary to make sure that she was not blamed for the state Betty was in. Abigail would absolutely blame anyone else for what she had done, as long as she could get away with it. As people, we are extremely selfish creatures. Notably when other people are after something, or someone we want. People will use others in order to get what they want, no matter the consequence. After finally getting what they want, people will no longer need whomever they were using and will simply toss others aside without looking back. People think highly of themselves and look down upon others. Humans usually accept this way of thinking due to the fact that it’s a fairly common state of mind. When one person acts in this manner, another person starts to. People behave a certain way in groups that they would not normally act in if they were by themselves (Donely). If there is even the slightest chance that someone else will get what another person wants or needs, they will do everything in their power to make sure they get it first. Humans are greedy and self-absorbed creatures. These characteristics emerge when there is something blocking a person from getting what they want most. Abigail Williams was ready to do whatever was needed in order to get John Procter alone for herself and killing his wife wasnt an exception. Abigail accuses Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, of using witchcraft during the Salem witch trials. If Abigail is to be believed, Elizabeth will hang for being a witch, and John will belong to her. The emotion of jealous is easy to obtain. Jealously propels people to act on impulse and when acting on impulse, people destroy the source of what is causing their emotions to feel so strongly. Naturally, all human beings want what is best for them. We dont think about the consequences of our actions, or how our actions will affect the ones we know and love. Our thoughts are what we consider or suppose are right for us and we do not think about how they could affect anyone else. A lot of humans have a one-track mind; once they start something, they rarely think about anything else other than their goals until they reach them. In order to achieve what is best for them people recruit others to help them. In Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag needs help getting away from the authorities so that he can create a better life for himself. If Montag had been alone while he was in the process of running away, he very well may have gotten caught. The men that had helped Montag escape made him think about his actions before he went through with them. If the men had not been there to help Montag, he would have acted on impulses and ruined everything for himself. Thinking differently does not have to be a bad thing. While mob mentality can be destructive to one’s own life, it can also help it thrive. Confusion is a natural part of life. At some point in everyone’s life, they dont know what to do and when people do not know what to do in critical situations, they start to panic. Though, if someone else does know what to do, those who are confused will follow that person. Everyone will start to mimic the actions of whoever takes the lead. What starts as one or two people doing the same thing can turn into a mass group following just one persons lead. This is where mob mentality kicks in; most people do not question the actions of their leaders. They simply do as the person in charge does. When people dont understand, they get stressed out. When people are stressed, they dont think straight. In a state of confusion or fear, people tend to join forces, causing them to do the wrong things and follow the wrong leaders (Barnhart). They do not know what, when, or why they should do it. If a person is having a difficult time grasping concepts and ideas, they hold onto any example they can. Like those in The Crucible, the girls follow Abigail’s lead because they have absolutely no idea how to cope with the situation they are in, or theyll have to face the consequences. The young girls know that its not a good decision to act the way Abigail does, but they cannot think of a better option for themselves. It was logical for the people of Salem to believe the girls could tell who were witches because, â€Å"They were part of an unhealthy, potentially dangerous social and psychological atmosphere that had long pervaded the Puritan communities,† (29) as Don Nardo states in The Salem Witch Trials. When people follow another person’s lead, they are hiding themselves from the world and everyone in it. Some people dont like to have attention directed toward them. In fact, some people will do anything to not stand out. They will blend into a crowd by becoming more like the others within the group. When dealing with mob mentality, humans within a group want to become more similar to the others. People constantly pretend to be something they are not. Montag does this in Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Montag acts as if he still believes books are bad and that they need to be destroyed; however, Montag secretly wants to read any book that hes able to get his hands on. He acts as if he hates books so that he is able to fit in with the rest of the firemen. He does not want to look guilty of anything, including deliberately disobeying the firemen rules. People are and always have been naive. Theyll trust anyone if the other person has never given them any reason to doubt them. If someone is similar to another person, they will align themselves with one another. People often congregate with others that they feel are most like themselves (Donely). Montag barely knew Faber when he first confided in him. Montag trusted Faber with keeping his secret, that he had been stashing books that were meant to be burned within his house, away from the firemen. Montag was willing to trust Faber based on one meeting the two had had beforehand. Montag felt safe with Faber due to the fact that Faber didnt want the burning of books to continue. When people follow the leaders of a group, they do not necessarily know any information past their appearance. People follow others blindly; with the subconscious fear that without the others, they would have no one. The presence of mob mentality leads to violence. Its hard to control a large number of people, its even more difficult to manage large groups when the people within it are selfish beings. The best option is to never have an extreme amount of people together; it never ends well. When the people all have harmful personalities, they react terribly with one another and cause large amounts of violence. In The Salem Witch Trials by Sandy Asirvatham, she explains that the stresses of the Puritan’s lives, â€Å"provided fertile ground for discontent and hostility† (49). So its not a surprise that arguments over who were witches often broke out and led to the deaths of innocent humans when the people of Salem came together. People do not like it when they dont get what they want or need. They throw tantrums, get angry and fights break out when in large numbers dont receive what they truly want. Even worse, incredible amounts of violence occur. Violence on great levels leads to mass destruction and staggering amounts of death. In The Crucible Abigail Williams has a horrible personality; she is constantly yelling or being rude to someone. When Betty says out loud that Abigail drank a charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor, Abigail slaps her across the face, shouting, â€Å"Shut it! Now shut it! † (Miller 1244). In the end, Abigail causes the death of multiple people and even the man she loves for the sole reason that she didnt get what she wanted. Time is a very important factor. When someone has unlimited time, there is no rush and no stress; however, when people have a limited amount of time to get something done and their time is dwindling down, they start to go crazy. Over time, humans have developed a mentality to ensure better survival. By organizing into groups, the amount of chaos decreases. Groups are an efficient way to get tasks done faster and easier (Barnhart). They lessen the stress that an individual carries single handedly. Even with groups there can still be large amounts of pressure; people will do anything they can to acquire what they want. When the hound was chasing Montag in Fahrenheit 451, he knew he only had a certain amount of time before the hound caught up with him. He began to do anything he could to mask his scent. Montag ordered Faber either burn everything or use alcohol to wipe down what Montag touched. The sprinklers were to be turned on once Montag had left so that his trace would be washed away. Montag even changed into some of Faber’s dirty clothes and drifted down a river in order to get the hound off his trail. If Montag had been alone that night the hound might have caught up to him. When leaders turn violent, so do their followers. The girls in The Crucible were kind and sweet until they started following Abigail’s ridiculous examples. Once Abigail started to become more rebellious and angry, so did the rest of the girls in Salem that were under her influence. Abigail sent the innocent people of Salem to their death for crimes of witchcraft that they did not commit. The girls blamed the people of Salem alongside Abigail, because they thought it was the way out of their mess. People commit desperate acts when competing for something they truly want or need (â€Å"What is Mob. †). The girls started to send people to their death as willingly as Abigail once they realized that they could save their own skin by doing so. Both Arthur Miller and Ray Bradbury provide prime examples of how mob mentality functions. Ultimately, the downfall of a society is due to the social inactions that revolve around mob mentality. Most humans do not know how to react to high levels of chaos in the correct manner so they become more distant from the group. The end result is violence, caused by the selfishness of others. Mob mentality will take over an entire community or even population, but only if we allow it to.